Table Of Content
Most of the respondents were male (66.7%), middle-aged (44.5%), ever married (85.4%), at least graduates (62.0%), job holders (44.6%), and Muslims (91.4%). Regarding family income, 44.0% of the respondents claimed that their family earned – Bangladeshi taka monthly. More than three-fifths of the respondents (64.3%) reported having at least one child under 15 years of age in the household. Three-fourths of the respondents (76.5%) lived in private MUH complexes, and 58.4% lived in rented flats. By place of residence, more than one-third of the respondents (34.7%) were from Dhaka City, and 10.9% were from Chattogram, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet, Barishal, and Rangpur cities each.
What is a Cross-Sectional Study?
One of the advantages of cross-sectional studies is that data is collected all at once, so participants are less likely to quit the study before data is fully collected. Cross-sectional studies are observational in nature and are known as descriptive research, not causal or relational, meaning that you can't use them to determine the cause of something, such as a disease. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables.
Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies
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All nursing students who fulfilled the study’s inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the optional survey. The exclusion criteria were on leave from school, or diagnosed with a significant mental illness or psychiatric disorder. It is critical to understand the key features of cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies before you choose the study design to answer your research question. While both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are observational, not requiring manipulation of the study environment, they differ in a number of ways (Table).
Descriptive vs analytical studies
Participants either have the condition or attribute at the time of data collection or not. Furthermore, there are no participant follow-ups; therefore, losing study participants during the study is not an issue. For serial cross-sectional surveys, investigators collect data in the same population over a specified period. For example, every three years, investigators repeat the body measurements among HIV patients to draw inferences about the patterns over time about obesity(Cummings, 2013). However, new samples are selected each time; therefore, each participant’s changes cannot be evaluated. It is important to note that the results may be affected by “people entering or leaving the population due to births, deaths, and migration” (Cummings, 2013, p.88).
Data analysis
For example, researchers may find that people who reported engaging in certain health behaviors were also more likely to be diagnosed with specific ailments. While a cross-sectional study cannot prove for certain that these behaviors caused the condition, such studies can point to a relationship worth investigating further. Cross-sectional studies are less expensive and time-consuming than many other types of study. They can provide useful insights into a population’s characteristics and identify correlations for further research.
However, since this is a 1-time measurement of exposure and outcome, it is difficult to derive causal relationships from cross-sectional analysis. Furthermore, we will also be able to estimate the odds ratios to study the association between exposure and the outcomes in this design. This study analyzed the relationship between simulation design, flow, and simulation educational satisfaction based on NLN/Jeffries simulation theory [14] and previous studies to identify factors related to nursing students’ simulation educational satisfaction.
Smoke-free laws and policies are very crucial for comprehensive tobacco control because these have a binding force. For the sub-factor scores of simulation design, the feedback score was the highest, and the fidelity score was the lowest, and a study of Korean nursing students reported similar results [29]. Fidelity is categorized into physical, conceptual, and psychological fidelity, and fidelity is an important factor in simulation design because realism immerses learners in the simulation situation. Think of a cross-sectional study as a snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time. For example, a cross-sectional study might be used to determine if exposure to specific risk factors might correlate with particular outcomes. The POR is calculated similarly to the odds ratio (OR) (Alexander, 2015b) and referred to as POR when prevalence is used (Tamhane et al., 2016).
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The GAD07 questionnaire comprises 7 items, with each item being responded to on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (indicating never) to 3 (indicating always). A GAD07 standardized score of 10 or higher was used to characterize the presence of significant anxiety symptoms. The Cronbach's α coefficients for the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were 0.951 and 0.928, respectively.
In nursing, simulation education has many advantages, such as improving nursing students’ problem-solving and judgment skills. Simulation education satisfaction is an indicator for evaluating educational performance from the learners’ perspective and an important criterion for the development and progress of nursing education. Therefore, based on NLN/Jeffries simulation theory, this study aims to identify the relationship between simulation design and educational satisfaction and to confirm the mediating effect of flow. The conduct of research requires the selection of the appropriate method to evaluate the research problem or question.
The survey was carried out at three Korean universities using a non-probability convenience sampling design, which calls into question the generalizability of the findings. A large-scale study on nursing students from Korean universities in different cities and regions could provide better insight and generalizable findings on simulation satisfaction in Korean universities. Additionally, self-reporting surveys may produce skewed, exaggerated, or understated results influenced by social desirability.
In contrast, longitudinal research takes considerable time because data is collected across numerous periods (potentially decades). Although longitudinal and cross-sectional studies are both observational, they are relatively different types of research design. This study type is commonly used in clinical research, business-related studies, and population studies. This may be a single snapshot for one point in time or may look at a situation at one point in time and then follow it up with another or multiple snapshots at later points; this is then termed a repeated cross-sectional data analysis.
As cross-sectional studies are cheaper and less time-consuming than many other types of study, they allow you to easily collect data that can be used as a basis for further research. Confidence intervals (CI) measure the precision of the OR, RR, or the possible “variation in a point estimate (the mean value)” (Alexander, 2015b, p 4). A narrower CI indicates a higher level of precision versus a wider CI suggesting a lower level of precision (Cummings, 2013). The sample size also impacts the CI’s width, with larger sample sizes providing a more precise estimate. The approximate value of the point estimate is based on factors (i.e., characteristics like body weight, level of activity) such as the mean (average) of a population from a population’s random samples. Furthermore, suppose the prevalence of a disease or phenomena is low, less than ten percent in the exposed and unexposed population (sample).
A recent study conducted in 2020 from China shows that nurses experienced more unfavorable mental health outcomes than other healthcare workers during the pandemic [15]. Furthermore, for nurses, poor mental health may influence not only themselves but also their professional performance and the quality of the health care provided, even affecting patient safety [16, 17]. A growing body of evidence suggests that individuals with changes in BMI have experienced deteriorating symptoms, such as isolation, anxiety and depression as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous timepoints.
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